收入不平等、外部奖惩机制和公共品自愿供给

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过实验的方法考察在收入不平等情境下外部惩罚机制、外部奖励机制以及外部惩罚和奖励混合机制对公共品供给的影响,结果表明,引入不同形式的外部机制能够显著且稳定地提高公共品供给水平,同时与内部惩罚机制相比,还能显著地提高公共品供给效率,但是不同外部机制的效果还略有差异,外部惩罚机制的效果要优于外部奖励机制;并且在不同形式的外部机制中,个体通常根据群体的公共品投资最高值来调整自己的公共品投资行为。这一研究结论对于公共政策的设计以解决收入不平等问题具有一定的启示。

关键词: 收入不平等, 公共品供给, 外部惩罚机制, 外部奖励机制, 实验研究

中图分类号:

F047

周业安, 宋紫峰. 收入不平等、外部奖惩机制和公共品自愿供给[J]. 社会科学辑刊, 2012, 0(5): 134-143.

参考文献

〔1〕Ledyard,J.O.,“Public Good:A Survey of Experimental Research,” in Kagel,J.H. and Roth,A.E.,eds.,The Handbook of Experimental Economics,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1995;Fehr,E.,and Gachter,S.,“Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments,”American Economic Review,vol.90,no.4(2000),pp.980-994;Fischbacher,U.,Gächter,S.,Fehr,E.,“Are People Conditionally Cooperative?Evidence From a Public Goods Experiment,” Economics Letters,vol.71,no.3(2001),pp.397-404.
〔2〕科林·凯莫勒:《行为博弈——对策略互动的实验研究》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006年;陈叶烽、叶航、汪丁丁:《超越经济人的社会偏好理论:一个基于实验经济学的综述》,《南开经济研究》2012年第1期.
〔3〕Ledyard,J.O. “Public Good:A Survey of Experimental Research,” in Kagel,J.H. and Roth,A.E.,eds.,The Handbook of Experimental Economics,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1995.
〔4〕周业安、宋紫峰:《公共品的自愿供给机制:一项实验研究》,《经济研究》2008年第7期;陈叶烽:《亲社会性行为及其社会偏好的分解》,《经济研究》2009年第12期.
〔5〕〔8〕宋紫峰、周业安、何其新:《不平等厌恶和公共品自愿供给》,《管理世界》2011年第12期;宋紫峰、周业安:《收入不平等、惩罚和公共品自愿供给的实验经济学研究》,《世界经济》2011年第11期.
〔6〕Fehr,E.,and Gachter S.,“Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments,”American Economic Review,vol.90,no.4(2000),pp.980-994;Anderson,C.M.,and Putterman,L.,“Do Non-strategic Sanctions Obey the Law of Demand?The Demand for Punishment in the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism,”Games and Economic Behavior,vol.54,no.1(2000),pp.1-24;Nikiforakis,N.,and Normann,H.,“A Comparative Statics Analysis of Punishment in Public-good Experiments,”Experimental Economics,vol.11.no.4(2008),pp.358-369;Casari,M.,and Luini,L.,“Cooperation under Ulternative Punishment Institutions:An Experiment,”Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,vol.71,no.2(2009),pp.273-282;Carpenter,J.,and Matthews,P.H.,“What Norms Trigger Punishment?”Experimental Economics,vol.12,no.3(2009),pp. 272-288;Sefton,M.,Shupp,R.,and Walker,J.M.,“The Effect of Rewards and Sanctions in Provision of Public Goods,”Economic Inquiry,vol.45,no.4,(2007),pp.671-690;Tan,F.F.,“Punishment in a Linear Public Good Game With Productivity Heterogeneity,”De Economist,vol.156,no.3(2008),pp.269-293.
〔7〕〔13〕Sefton,M.,Shupp,R.,and Walker,J.M.,“The Effect of Rewards and Sanctions in Provision of Public Goods,”Economic Inquiry,nol.45,no.4(2007),pp.671-690.
〔9〕Ledyard,J.O. “Public Good:A Survey of Experimental Research,” in Kagel,J.H. and Roth,A.E.,eds.,The Handbook of Experimental Economics,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1995;周业安、宋紫峰:《公共品的自愿供给机制:一项实验研究》,《经济研究》2008年第7期.
〔10〕Ostrom,E.,Walker,J.,and Gardner,R.,“Covenants With and Without a Sword:Self-Governance is Possible,”American Political Science Review,vol.86,no.2(1992),pp.404-417.
〔11〕Fehr,E.,Gachter,S.,“Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments”,American Economic Review,vol.90,no.4(2000),pp.980-994.
〔12〕Fehr,E.,and Gachter S.,“Altruistic Punishment in Humans,”Nature,no.415(2002),pp.137-140;Anderson,C.M.,and Putterman,L.,“Do Non-strategic Sanctions Obey the Law of Demand?The Demand for Punishment in the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism,”Games and Economic Behavior,vol.54,no.1(2006),pp.1-24;Nikiforakis,N.,and Normann,H.,“A Comparative Statics Analysis of Punishment in Public-good Experiments,”Experimental Economics,vol.11,no.4(2008),pp.358-369;Egas,M.,and Riedl,A.,“The Economics of Altruistic Punishment and the Maintenance of Cooperation,”Royal Society,vol.275,no.2(2008),pp.871-878;Casari,M.,and Luini,L.,“Cooperation under Ulternative Punishment Institutions:An Experiment,”Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,vol.71,no.2(2009),pp.273-282;Carpenter,J.,and Matthews,P.H.,“What Norms Trigger Punishment?”Experimental Economics,vol.12,no.3(2009),pp. 272-288.
〔14〕Yamagishi,T.,“The Provision of a Sanctioning System as a Public Good,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,vol.51,no.1(1986),pp.110-116.
〔15〕Yamagishi,T.,“The Provision of a Sanctioning System in the United States and Japan,”Social Psychology Quarterly,vol.51,no.3(1988),pp.265-271.
〔16〕Carpenter,J.P.,“Punishing Free-riders:How Group Size Affects Mutual Monitoring and the Provision of Public Goods,”Games and Economic Behavior,vol.60,no.1(2007),pp.31-51.
〔17〕Tan,F.F.,“Punishment in a Linear Public Good Game With Productivity Heterogeneity,”De Economist,vol.156,no.3(2008),pp.269-293.
〔18〕〔19〕宋紫峰、周业安:《收入不平等、惩罚和公共品自愿供给的实验经济学研究》,《世界经济》2011年第11期.
〔20〕Fischbacher,U.,“Z-Tree:Zurich Toolbox for Ready-Made Economic Experiments,”Experimental Economics,vol.10,no.2(2007),pp. 171-178.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed